Here’s a thinking process to arrive at the analysis of Rousseau’s argumentation:
Understand the Goal: The request asks for an analysis of Rousseau’s argumentation style in the provided text, with a numerical score (0-100) representing rigor and a justification for that score.
Identify Key Claims: First, pinpoint the core arguments Rousseau makes:
In the state of nature, humans are neither good nor bad, merely concerned with survival.
Hobbes is wrong to assume natural humans are inherently evil.
Natural humans are not driven by the same desires as civilized humans (these are socially constructed).
Natural humans possess a natural compassion (pity) that prevents them from harming others.
This natural compassion is a fundamental virtue, even acknowledged by those who downplay virtues.
Compassion is more effective than reason or law in preventing harm in the state of nature.
Examine the Evidence: Consider the types of evidence Rousseau uses:
Logical Reasoning/Counterarguments: He directly refutes Hobbes’s claims by pointing out inconsistencies and alternative interpretations of human nature. He uses “if…then” statements to explore the implications of Hobbes’s ideas.
Thought Experiments/Hypothetical Scenarios: The “natural state” itself is a hypothetical construct. He imagines how humans would behave.
Appeals to Nature/Intuition: He repeatedly emphasizes what is “natural” and “innate,” appealing to a sense of inherent human qualities.
Analogies/Examples (Weak): He briefly mentions animal behavior (mother animals, horses) as suggestive of compassion, but these are not rigorous scientific comparisons. He also uses theatrical examples, which are illustrative but not proof.
Appeals to Authority (Implicit): He mentions Mandeville but doesn’t deeply engage with his arguments beyond a single point. He refers to “our jurists” without specific citations.
Evaluate the Strength of the Evidence and Reasoning: Critically assess how well the evidence supports the claims:
Refutation of Hobbes: His direct criticism of Hobbes is a strong point in his argument. He identifies potential flaws in Hobbes’s assumptions.
Natural Compassion: This is a central pillar, but the evidence is largely based on intuition and anecdotal observations. The animal examples are weak.
State of Nature: The concept itself is speculative and relies on assumptions about pre-social humans.
Contrast with Civilization: The comparison between natural and civilized humans relies on generalizations about “civilized” desires.
Identify Strengths and Weaknesses in Argumentation:
Strengths: Clear articulation of his counter-position to Hobbes, compelling use of thought experiments to illustrate his points, strong assertions that resonate with certain moral intuitions.
Weaknesses: Lack of empirical evidence for the “state of nature” and the prevalence of natural compassion, reliance on potentially biased interpretations of human behavior, limited engagement with alternative perspectives.
Consider the Historical Context: Rousseau was writing in a specific intellectual environment. The concept of the “state of nature” was a common philosophical tool. This helps to understand his approach.
Formulate a Score and Justification: Based on the analysis, assign a score on the 0-100 scale. Acknowledge that “rigor” can be interpreted in different ways (e.g., strict scientific method vs. philosophical argumentation). Provide specific reasons for the assigned score, referencing the strengths and weaknesses identified earlier.
Initial thought: Maybe around 60? He has some logical arguments but lacks empirical support.
Refinement: Considering the philosophical nature of the text, and the focus on conceptual arguments rather than empirical data, the score needs adjustment. While not adhering to modern scientific standards, he employs reasoned discourse.
Final Score: Settling on a score in the 60-75 range seems appropriate, reflecting a mix of logical argumentation with significant reliance on assumptions and limited empirical support.
Structure the Analysis: Organize the points logically:
Start with an overall assessment and the numerical score.
Discuss the strengths of his argumentation.
Discuss the weaknesses.
Provide specific examples from the text to support the points.
Conclude with a summary that reinforces the assigned score.
By following these steps, we can arrive at a comprehensive and well-justified analysis of Rousseau’s argumentation style in the provided text.盧梭在這段節選中的論證方式,我會給出 65/100 的評分,理由如下: